نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 89 (تیر 1402)

The foundations and principles governing criminal prosecution include structures and frameworks that explain what prosecution is and why it is justified. Undoubtedly, understanding the social and philosophical foundations of every human establishment is essential. Accordingly, the logical and social structures governing criminal prosecution are of special importance. The purpose of this investigation is to find out what and why criminal prosecution is based on, and is designed based on its strength or weakness. This is because, on the one hand, in order to properly understand the criminal prosecution and its accurate evaluation, it is necessary that the principles, goals and principles governing it have been carefully examined. On the other hand, in order to get familiar with the process of prosecution, different methods of prosecution in Iranian and Turkish law, prosecution by the court (predominant method in Turkey) and prosecution by the prosecutor (the only method in Iran) have been examined.

Due to its multidimensional importance in the structure of the international system, the Middle East has always been the focus of the presence and competition of international actors and emerging powers. This presence has left many effects and consequences; And it has created many challenges for the actors. One of these actors is China, which had a limited presence in the Middle East until 2001; But currently, China is pursuing comprehensive and multilateral relations in the Middle East region. In this regard, the present article, in a descriptive-analytical approach and using statistical data, seeks to answer the question of what is the basis of the framework of the components of China's approach to the Middle East and to what extent this approach has been accepted in the region. Is? Based on this, China has placed its approach on the South-South orbit, peaceful coexistence, mutual respect, mutual non-aggression, non-interference, equality and mutual benefit. In this approach, historical, cultural and identity factors such as the face culture, the century of humiliation that China has committed to act not as a supporter, but as a partner in decolonization and development, Confucian thought that promotes a moral-value system based on moderation, benevolence and mediation. It has played an effective role in China's inclusive relations in the Middle East, and on the other hand, the measurement of public opinion shows that China has succeeded in creating a common and positive mindset in the minds of the political and social structure of the Middle East region.

Undoubtedly, the theory of realism is the most important and stable theory of international relations. The irreplaceable attraction of this theory is due to its closeness with the performance of politicians in the international arena, as well as its closeness with the conventional understanding of international politics. Realist theories on the practical method for international relations in the way of "how it is?", "not how it should be". are focused According to the realist point of view, governments play a central role and international relations also consist of these governments, and other international actors such as individuals, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations are not very important, but are only tools in the hands of governments. This research aims to investigate the difference between the views of classical realism and structuralist realism in a descriptive and analytical way and collected with library documents, and seeks to answer the question of what are the differences between these two theories in concepts such as government, power, structure and foreign policy? The hypothesis of the article is that the theory of classical realism and structuralist realism, while having common foundations, also have many internal differences and debates. 

One of the issues that has become very important in recent months is the role of women and girls in various fields of social life. Today, Iranian women and girls play an important role in various economic, political, social and cultural fields. In the meantime, one of the most important factors underlying such progress in society is the role of women. In the past, Iranian women did not have these facilities due to the existence of many problems and limitations, but today their role has been increasing. Historically, it can be said that one of the first steps in the development of women in Iran was during the Qajar period, during which women made a lot of efforts to reach an important position in the society. And since having literacy and education is one of the necessary conditions to fulfill this role, so they tried to develop it. This article seeks to answer the question of what role do women and girls play in the development of Iran in various economic, political, social and cultural fields? In response to this question, the author has proposed the hypothesis that women play a significant role in the development of Iran in a descriptive-analytical way. Also, the findings of the research show that according to the indicators of health, education, social participation, etc., Iranian women have a decisive presence in various political, social, cultural fields, etc., and in much better conditions. Compared to most developing countries, they are regional and Islamic.

The binding nature of the decisions of the International Criminal Court is one of the most important challenges that the court and the international community are facing. The purpose of the article is to analyze and examine the rules and binding nature of the court's decisions using the teachings of the schools of natural law and voluntary law. In the upcoming article, let's examine the schools of natural and voluntary law with a descriptive-analytical method and answer the question that according to these two legal schools, why are the decisions of the court binding on the governments, and what is the basis for the binding of the decisions of the court on the governments? The findings show that the school of natural law believes in rules that are permanent and beyond the will of humans and governments and must be implemented in any place and time. The Voluntary School of Law believes that the origin of international laws and rules originates from the will of the governments and arises with the consent of the governments. Therefore, according to the school of natural law, which considers crimes under the jurisdiction of the court to be contrary to natural rights, the decisions of the court are binding for all countries, and based on voluntary rights, the decisions of the court are binding on the contracting parties, in the form of the statute of the court and the United Nations charter.

The topic of protecting the victim is one of the most important topics in criminal law and criminology because crime is a phenomenon that mainly occurs in the relationship between the offender and the victim, and there is a necessary and binding relationship between them in such a way that there is no crime without the offender and no offense without the offender. Therefore, this article has studied and researched victim protection in Iran's criminal law and international documents by using the comparative research method and the method of information collection, a library. The findings of the article indicate that in Iranian law, researchers have paid more attention to the identification of the victim, and less attention has been paid to its rights based on international documents, and although Iran's criminal policy and international documents are similar in some areas, the difference in Iran's social and internal conditions with the field of international human rights makes the field of development and attention to the victim in Iran lag behind.